Rabu, 09 Mei 2012

eh, gw mau cerita nih,,,
ada ce cantik, tiap hari gw ketemu dy di kampus
berhubung satu progdi jadi bisa ketemu terus
hehe
dy itu ce berkerudung, rumahnya sih jauh. dy ngekost, and dy itu ce yang intelektual..
minder gw lo  ngobrol sama dy, dy jago banget dalam bahasa inggris sedangkan gw masih terbatah2 dalam ngomong inggris..
parasnya itu loh, bkin co pada tunduk bila bertatapan dengan dy..
mata dia bagus banget, putih bersih corneanya,
aduh bibir dy itu sensual banget deh, udah tipis merah merekah lagi tapi dy orang baik2. jdi jangan harap deh berpikiran jorok.. ak sih udah kenal dy lama dari semester 1 lah lo gak salah, dulu dy bysa2 aja tp sekarang tambah cantik mungkin gara2 perawatan..badan bagus cma agak kurus gmana gtu, muka cantik, kulit putih bersih, cuma matanya itu tajam banget dan dibalik tatapan mata itu terselip kejahatan..
kaya mata orang licik gmana gtu, tp gak tau deh soalnya gwgak pnh PDKT sma dy..
pkknya dy itu gak malu2in deh diajak kondangan, haha
gw pengen pnya istri kya dy :D
wkwkwk

Selasa, 01 Mei 2012

GENRE


GENRE

                                                                                             Creted by : AFLAKHI RIZAL / 1A

NARATIVE
Social Function    :  to amuse entertain and to deal with actual vicarious experience in defferent ways; narrative deal with problematic event which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kind, which in turn finds a resolution.
Generic structure  : Orientation : sets the scene and introduces the participants.
                                   Evaluation : a stepping back to evaluate the plight.
                                   Complication : a crisis arises.
                                   Resolution : the crisis resolved, for better or for worse.
                                   Re-orientation : optional.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Ø Focus on specific and usually individualized participants
Ø Use of material processes
Ø Use of relational processes and mental processes
Ø Use of temporal conjunctions and temporal circumstances
Ø Use of past tense
DESCRIPTION
Social Function     : To describe a particular person, place or thing
Generic structure : Identification : identifies phenomenon to be described.
                                  Description : describes parts, qualities, characteristics.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
®   Focus on specific participants
®  Use to attributive and identifying processes
®  Frequent use of epithets and classifiers in nominal groups
®  Use of simple present tense
NEWS ITEMS
 Social Function  : To inform readers, liseteners, or viewers about event of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
Generic structure   : Newsworthy event : recount the event in summary form.
                                    Background event : elaborate what happened, to whom, in whale Circumstances.
  Sources : comment by participants in, witnesses to and authorities expert
    on the event.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
v Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
v Use of material processes to retell the event
v Use of projecting verbal processes in sources stage
v Focus of on circumstances

SPOOF
Social Function     : To retell an event with a humorous twist
Generic structure  : Orientation : sets the scene and introduces the participants.
                                   Event
                                   twist : ending with a little humor.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
ü Focus on individual participants
ü Use of material processes
ü Circumstances of time and place
ü Use of past tense
ANECTODE
Social Function     : To share with other an account of an unusual or amusing incident
Generic structure  : Abstract : signals to control of an unusual incident.
                                  Orientation : sets the scene and introduces the participants.
                                  Crisis : provides details of the unusual incident.
                                  Reaction : reaction to crisis.
 Coda : optional reflection on or evaluation of the incident.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
·      Use of exclamation, rhetorical question and intensifiers
·      Use of material processes to tell what happened
·      Use of temporal conjunctions
DISCUSSION
Social Function     : To present (at least) two point of view about an issue
Generic structure  : Issue
 Argument for point
 Elaboration
  Conclusion
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Ø Focus on generic human and generic non-human participants
Ø Use of material processes {has produced, have developed}
Ø Use of relational processes {is, could have, cause, are}
Ø Use of metal processes {feel}
Ø Use of comparative contrastive and consequential conjunctions
REVIEWS
Social Function     : To critique an art work or event for a public audience such work of art
include movies, TV shows, books, plays, operas, recordings, exhibitions, concerts and ballets.
Generic structure  : Orientation : sets the scene and introduces the participants.
 Interprentive recount : summaries the plot or provides an of how the
reviewed rendition of the work came into  being is
optimal but if present, often recursive.
Evaluation : a stepping back to evaluate the plight.
Evaluation summation :  provide a kind of punchline which sums upthe
reviewer’s opinion of the art as whole is optional
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
§  Focus on particular participants
§  Direct expression of opinion though use of attitudinal lexis
§  Use of elaborating and extending clause and group complex to package the information
§  Use of metaphorical language
RECOUNT
Social Function     : To retell event for the purpose of informing or entertaining
Generic structure  : Orientation : sets the scene and introduces the participants.
                                   Event
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
o   Focus on specific participants
o   Use of material processes
o   Circumstances of time and place
o   Use of past tenses
o   Focus on temporal sequence
REPORT
Social Function     : To describe the ways thing are, with reference to a range of natural, man made
and social phenomena in our environment
Generic structure  : General classification
                                   Description
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Y Focus on generic participants
Y Use of relational processes to state what is and that whichit is
Y Use of simple present tense
Y No temporal sequence
PROCEDURE
Social Function     : To describe how something is accomplished through a sequence of action or step
Generic structure  : Goal : target
                                   Material needed : required for all procedural texts
                                   Step 1-n : following to achieving goal
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
S Focus on generalized human agents
S Use of simple present tense, often imperative
S Use mainly of temporal conjunctions
S Use mainly of material processes


EXPLANATION
Social Function     : To explain the processes involved in the information or working of natural
                                   or socio-cultural phenomena
Generic structure  : General statement
                                   Explanation
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
S Focus on generic, non human participants
S Use mainly of material and relational processes
S Use mainly of temporal and causal circumstances and conjunctions
S Use of simple present tense
S Use of passive voice to get theme right
HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Social Function     :To persuade the readers or listeners that something should or not should the case
Generic structure  : Thesis
  Argument
    Recommendation
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Ø Focus on generic human and generic non-human participants, except speaker
Ø Use of mental processes
Ø Use of material processes
Ø Use of relational processes
Ø Use of simple present tense
ANALITYCAL EXPOSITION
Social Function     : To persuade the reader or listener that something is the case
Generic structure  : Thesis
  Argument
                                      Conclusion
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
N Focus on generic human and generic non-human participants
N Use of simple present tense
N Use of relational processes
N Use of internal conjunction to stage argument
N Reasoning through causal conjunction or nominalisation

Article (grammar)


Article (grammar)
An article (abbreviated ART) is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. Articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun, in some languages extending to volume or numerical scope. The articles in the English language are the and a/an, and (in some contexts) some. 'An' and 'a' are modern forms of the Old English 'an', which in Anglian dialects was the number 'one' (compare 'on', in Saxon dialects) and survived into Modern Scots as the number 'ane'. Both 'on' (respelled 'one' by the Normans) and 'an' survived into Modern English, with 'one' used as the number and 'an' ('a', before nouns that begin with a consonant sound) as an indefinite article.
In some languages, articles are a special part of speech, which cannot easily be combined with other parts of speech. It is also possible for articles to be part of another part of speech category such as a determiner, an English part of speech category that combines articles and demonstratives (such as 'this' and 'that').
In languages that employ articles, every common noun, with some exceptions, is expressed with a certain definiteness (e.g., definite or indefinite), just as many languages express every noun with a certain grammatical number (e.g., singular or plural). Every noun must be accompanied by the article, if any, corresponding to its definiteness, and the lack of an article (considered a zero article) itself specifies a certain definiteness. This is in contrast to other adjectives and determiners, which are typically optional.
Types
Articles are usually characterized as either definite or indefinite.[2] A few languages with well-developed systems of articles may distinguish additional subtypes.
Within each type, languages may have various forms of each article, according to grammatical attributes such as gender, number, or case, or according to adjacent sounds.
Definite article
A definite article indicates that its noun is a particular one (or ones) identifiable to the listener. It may be something that the speaker has already mentioned, or it may be something uniquely specified. The definite article in English, for both singular and plural nouns, is the.
The children know the fastest way home.
The sentence above refers to specific children and a specific way home; it contrasts with the much more general observation that:
Children know the fastest way home.
The latter sentence refers to children in general, perhaps all or most of them.
Likewise,
Give me the book.
refers to a specific book whose identity is known or obvious to the listener; as such it has a markedly different meaning from
Give me a book.
which does not specify what book is to be given.
The definite article can also be used in English to indicate a specific class among other classes:
The cabbage white butterfly lays its eggs on members of the Brassica genus.
Indefinite article
An indefinite article indicates that its noun is not a particular one (or ones) identifiable to the listener. It may be something that the speaker is mentioning for the first time, or its precise identity may be irrelevant or hypothetical, or the speaker may be making a general statement about any such thing. English uses a/an, from the Old English forms of the number 'one', as its primary indefinite article. The form an is used before words that begin with a vowel sound (even if spelled with an initial consonant, as in an hour), and a before words that begin with a consonant sound (even if spelled with a vowel, as in a European).
She had a house so large that an elephant would get lost without a map.
Before some words beginning with a pronounced (not silent) h in an unstressed first syllable, such as hallucination, hilarious, historic(al), horrendous, and horrific, some (especially older) British writers prefer to use an over a (an historical event, etc.).[3] An is also preferred before hotel by some writers of British English (probably reflecting the relatively recent adoption of the word from French, where the h is not pronounced).[4] The use of "an" before words beginning with an unstressed "h" is more common generally in British English than American.[4] American writers normally use a in all these cases, although there are occasional uses of an historic(al) in American English.[5] According to the New Oxford Dictionary of English, such use is increasingly rare in British English too.[3] Unlike British English, American English typically uses an before herb, since the h in this word is silent for most Americans.
The word some is used as a functional plural of a/an. "An apple" never means more than one apple. "Give me some apples" indicates more than one is desired but without specifying a quantity. This finds comparison in Spanish, where the singular indefinite article 'uno/una' ("one") is completely indistinguishable from the unit number, except where it has a plural form ('unos/unas'): Dame una manzana" ("Give me an apple") > "Dame unas manzanas" ("Give me some apples"). However, some also serves as a quantifier rather than as a plural article, as in "There are some apples there, but not many."
Some also serves as a singular indefinite article, as in "There is some person on the porch". This usage differs from the usage of a(n) in that some indicates that the identity of the noun is unknown to both the listener and the speaker, while a(n) indicates that the identity is unknown to the listener without specifying whether or not it is known to the speaker. Thus There is some person on the porch indicates indefiniteness to both the listener and the speaker, while There is a person on the porch indicates indefiniteness to the listener but gives no information as to whether the speaker knows the person's identity.
Partitive article
A partitive article is a type of indefinite article used with a mass noun such as water, to indicate a non-specific quantity of it. Partitive articles are used in French and Italian in addition to definite and indefinite articles. The nearest equivalent in English is some, although this is considered a determiner and not an article.
French: Voulez-vous du café ?
Do you want (some) coffee? (or, dialectally but more accurately, Do you want some of this coffee?)
See also more information about the French partitive article.
Haida has a partitive article (suffixed -gyaa) referring to "part of something or... to one or more objects of a given group or category," e.g., tluugyaa uu hal tlaahlaang 'he is making a boat (a member of the category of boats).'[6]
Negative article
A negative article specifies none of its noun, and can thus be regarded as neither definite nor indefinite. On the other hand, some consider such a word to be a simple determiner rather than an article. In English, this function is fulfilled by no, which can appear before a singular or plural noun:
No man is an island.
No dogs are allowed here.
Pronunciation of a and an
Both words are usually pronounced with a schwa: /ə/, /ən/. However, when stressed (which is rare in ordinary speech), they are normally pronounced respectively as /eɪ/ (to rhyme with day) and /æn/ (to rhyme with pan).
Representing the number one
In addition to serving as an article, a and an are also used as synonyms for the number one, as in "make a wish", "a hundred". An was originally an unstressed form of the number ān 'one'.
A and an are also used to express a proportional relationship, such as "a dollar a day" or "$150 an ounce" or "A Mars a day helps you work, rest and play", although historically this use of "a" and "an" does not come from the same word as the articles.[12]
The mathematically-minded might heed H. S. Wall's reminder that the statement "I have a son" does not necessarily imply that "I have exactly one son" or that "I have only sons". In other words, "The little words count."[13]
"Some" as an indefinite article
As a plural
The word some is used as a functional plural of a/an. "An apple" always means one indefinite apple. "Give me some apples" indicates more than one is desired but without specifying a quantity. This finds comparison in Spanish, where the singular indefinite article 'uno/una' ("one") is completely indistinguishable from the unit number, but where it has a plural form ('unos/unas'): Dame una manzana" ("Give me an apple") > "Dame unas manzanas" ("Give me some apples").
However, some also serves as a quantifier rather than as a plural article, as in "There are some apples there, but not many." As a result, the meaning intended by the speaker may be unintentionally or even deliberately unclear, or the speaker could intend both meanings simultaneously: "I see some cars" could have the indefinite meaning in "I see some cars (but I don't know whose)" or the quantificational meaning in "I see some cars (but not a lot of them)".
As a singular
Some also serves as a singular indefinite article, as in "There is some person on the porch". This usage differs from the usage of a(n) in that some indicates that the identity of the noun is unknown to both the listener and the speaker, while a(n) indicates that the identity is unknown to the listener without specifying whether or not it is known to the speaker. Thus There is some person on the porch indicates indefiniteness to both the listener and the speaker, while There is a person on the porch indicates indefiniteness to the listener but gives no information as to whether the speaker knows the person's identity.
However, some before a mass noun (a singular noun referring to a non-discrete undivided entity) always has a partitive meaning: for example, in I'll have some coffee, some means a subset of all coffee.